标签归档 西安桑拿会所

　　On August 9, 2008, the conflict in Georgia escalated. This TV photo taken on August 8 shows that Russian troops are heading for Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, Georgia. From the evening of the 7th to the morning of the 8th, there was another armed conflict between Georgian army and armed personnel of South Ossetia Autonomous Prefecture near Tskhinvali. Russian TV reported earlier on the 8th that Russian troops and tanks entered South Ossetia on the same day. On the evening of the 8th, Georgian President Saakashvili delivered a televised speech to the people, saying that Georgian troops had completely controlled Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia. Xinhua News Agency/AFP

　　For more than a decade, the tense crisis between the two countries has occurred from time to time. However, every time I saw "dark clouds gathering", "rain" did not come down.

　　Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the contradictions, conflicts and confrontations between Russia and Georgia, two newly born countries, have almost never stopped, and there is an increasingly tense trend. From April to May, 2008, because the Georgian unmanned reconnaissance plane was shot down by the Abkhaz military in China, the government became furious and began to station a large number of troops in areas adjacent to Abkhazia, while Russia increased its peacekeeping forces to Abkhazia, claiming to severely respond to the possible aggression by Georgia. The two sides are so tense that some people describe the crisis situation of Russia-Georgia relations as "near the state of war" For more than a decade, similar situations have often occurred between the two countries. However, every time I saw "dark clouds gathering", "rain" did not come down.

　　The basic background of the relationship between the two countries

　　The Caucasus Mountains straddle the Black Sea and Caspian Sea from northwest to southeast, forming a part of the dividing line between Europe and Asia. The relationship between nations and countries on the north and south sides of the mountain range is complex and special. The northern part of the Caucasus Mountains is called the Inner Caucasus or the North Caucasus, and now it belongs to the southern region of Russia. There are North Ossetia-Alain Autonomous Republic and Ingushetia Republic, which have good relations with the Russian central government, Chechen Republic, which once had bad relations with the Russian central government, and Caraccia I-Celka Republic, Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Dagestan Republic. The south of the Caucasus is called Transcaucasia, also called South Caucasus, and there are three countries-Georgia with Orthodox Christianity as the main belief, Armenia with traditional Christianity as the main belief, and Azerbaijan with Islam and close ties with Iran. The Caucasus Mountains divide Eurasia into two parts, and it is also divided into two parts by different nationalities and countries, torn by different civilizations, different nationalities and different powers.

　　One is Abkhazia, which has close ties with Russia.

　　Among the three countries in Transcaucasia, Georgia has the most tense relationship with Russia. Georgia is a small country, with a land area of 0.41% of that of Russia. At the beginning of 2006, the total population was 3.1% of that of Russia. Why is the relationship between two countries with such a huge difference in size tense? There are undoubtedly many reasons, among which the most direct one is that Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia are too close to Russia.

　　Abkhazia is an autonomous Republic of Georgia, located on the Black Sea in northwest Georgia. Its capital is the coastal city of Sukhumi, which is very close to Sochi, a health resort in southern Russia. During the Soviet period, Stalin and other leaders built villas in Sochi. Economically, Sukhumi was the main producing area of tea and citrus in czarist Russia and Soviet Union. Abkhazia and the Black Sea coastal areas in southwestern Russia belong to a regional economic circle. In addition, Abkhazians converted to Christianity as early as the 6th century A.D., and were influenced by Islam after the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 11th century, which made them closer to the North Caucasians in history, language and culture. Abkhazia’s economic and cultural exchanges with Russia are far closer than those with Tbilisi, the center of Georgia in the mountains. Because Abkhazians have a long-term pro-Russian tendency, Georgia often adopts repressive policies against them in language, culture and ethnic policies. Shortly after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the independence of Georgia, Abkhazia also declared its independence in July 1992, and the Georgian central authorities sent troops to station, which triggered an armed conflict that lasted for more than a year, causing tens of thousands of casualties and half of the residents fleeing their hometowns. Under the mediation of Russia and the international community, the two parties to the conflict signed a ceasefire agreement in Moscow in May 1994. According to this agreement, Russian troops entered Abkhazia in the name of the CIS peacekeeping force. Since then, Russia has strengthened its ties with Abkhazia in various ways, such as simplifying the procedures for Abkhazians to join Russian nationality and reopening the railway to Sukhumi.Georgia imposed an economic blockade and embargo on Abkhazia. To this day, it is still the arena between Russia and Georgia.

　　One is South Ossetia, which has a love affair with Russia.

　　The close relationship between Ossetia and Russia is different from that in Abkhazia. Ossetia is divided into north and south. During the Soviet period, North Ossetia was originally only a district belonging to the Gore Autonomous Republic, but its status continued to improve, and it was upgraded to an autonomous prefecture and an autonomous Republic in 1924 and 1936. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, North Ossetia was upgraded to a republic of the Russian Federation.

　　South Ossetia is far behind its northern brothers in status. During the Soviet Union, although South Ossetia had autonomous status, it was only an autonomous prefecture of Georgia in administrative division. After Georgia’s independence, it is still an autonomous prefecture. Therefore, South Ossetia has always sought an independent status on an equal footing with Georgia and is not subject to the jurisdiction of the Georgian central government. As early as 1989, South Ossetia had an open conflict with the Georgian government, which lasted until the summer of 1992, causing a large number of casualties. In the meantime, South Ossetia not only declared its independence by referendum in January 1990, but also proposed to merge with the Russian Republic of North Ossetia. In June 1992, Russia, Georgia, South Ossetia and North Ossetia held talks on the peaceful settlement of armed conflicts and reached an agreement on a ceasefire, the establishment of a peacekeeping force and a supervisory committee. In July, a 1,500-member peacekeeping force composed of Russia, Georgia and South Ossetia established a security corridor on the border between South Ossetia and Georgia, which actually separated South Ossetia from Georgia. Considering the complicated international relations, Russia has neither recognized the independence of South Ossetia nor supported its merger with North Ossetia, but it has maintained close ties with it in secret. For example, most South Ossetians hold Russian passports, and rubles are widely circulated in the local area. In recent ten years, due to South Ossetia’s secret love for Russia, Russia and Georgia have not only quarreled, but sometimes even threatened each other with force.

　　There are also historical grievances.

　　In addition to the conflict of interests between Abkhazia and South Ossetia, there are historical reasons why the relationship between Russia and Georgia is difficult to straighten out. The relationship between them is extraordinary, and some scholars use the term "once brothers" and today’s "enemies" to describe them. Georgians established their own country earlier than Russia. However, in the first half of the 19th century, the Georgian country was annexed by Tsarist Russia. After the October Revolution, Georgia once declared its independence, but it was soon occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In February 1921, Georgia established the Soviet Socialist Republic, joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic in March 1922, and joined the Soviet Union as a federal member at the end of the same year. In December 1936, Georgia was upgraded to a republic directly under the Soviet Union. Many important Soviet leaders, including Stalin, came from Georgia. Georgia was conquered in czarist Russia and subordinate in Soviet Union, but Georgians always have a lingering feeling of independence. Therefore, before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Georgia issued a declaration of independence on November 4, 1990 and changed its name to "Republic of Georgia", and officially declared its independence on April 9, 1991. In order to erase the shadow of the past, the new constitution adopted by Georgia in August 1995 named the country "Georgia". After independence, Georgia actively approached the west.

　　Another big country’s gambling table.

　　There are also broader national factors that affect Russia-Georgia relations, that is, Georgia is actually a "gambling disk" for the game between western powers and Russia. Georgia is a small country, but geopolitics is very important. Western countries regard it as a base to squeeze and contain Russia’s strategic space from the south, while Russia, which has lost its traditional spheres of influence such as Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Baltic Sea, will certainly not easily let the wishful thinking of the West succeed. The great power struggle is reflected in Georgia, that is, the endless political struggle between pro-Russian and pro-Western factions. Behind the so-called "color revolution" in 2003 and the large-scale anti-government demonstrations in 2007, we can see the shadow of western countries and Russia. In order to squeeze out Russia, after two rounds of eastward expansion in 1997 and 2002, NATO began to brew a third round of eastward expansion this year. One of its main targets is Georgia, and nearly 73% of the people in Georgia want to join NATO. If Georgia and Ukraine join in again, NATO will push its forward position to the southwest and south of Russia, and form an encirclement trend in the southwest. Russia is deeply affected by the crisis, and its reaction is relatively strong, and it is considered as a "dangerous signal". Therefore, it not only shows its strength by resuming the routine combat duty flights of long-range strategic bombers over the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea and the Arctic region, but also threatens NATO and Georgia by increasing peacekeeping troops to Abkhazia and supporting the independence of South Ossetia. Now it seems that,Neither NATO nor Russia will give in, the game will continue, and Georgia’s relations with Russia will be even more difficult to get along with in the situation of internal and external troubles.

　　At present, it seems that it is difficult for Russia-Georgia relations to be fundamentally improved for a while, but it is unlikely that they will completely break down and all-out war will break out. Georgia has close economic ties with Russia, especially in the supply of basic energy such as electricity, oil and natural gas. Russia is now seeking to join the WTO, and Georgia is already a member of the organization. Russia can’t help but care. The situation in Transcaucasia is more complicated, and the relationship between major powers reflected here is also very complicated. For their own security and interests, Russia, western powers and Georgia will not act simply, and the disharmony between Russia and Georgia will continue.

Editor: Bo Du

　　Author: Liu Shu, a researcher at the base of Tianjin Normal University and an associate professor at the School of Marxism of Tianjin Normal University, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System Research Center.

　　Municipal social governance is an important part of national governance. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has attached great importance to the work of regional social governance, and has held a series of important meetings, such as the Central Urbanization Work Conference and the Central Urban Work Conference, to put forward clear requirements and make strategic arrangements for related work. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed "accelerating the modernization of regional social governance", the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further proposed "strengthening and innovating regional social governance and promoting the modernization of regional social governance", which highlighted the importance and urgency of the modernization of regional governance. Effective regional social governance will sink all kinds of resources to the grassroots level, which will not only provide better accurate and refined services for urban residents, but also discover all kinds of potential risks in time and solve contradictions at the grassroots level. To promote the modernization of regional social governance, we can focus on the following four aspects.

　　Constructing party building to lead a new pattern.The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership is the most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest advantage of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Urban grass-roots party organizations are the leaders of the regional social governance system and the practitioners of improving the regional social governance capacity. To promote the modernization of regional social governance, we must build a new pattern of party building leading. With the rapid development of economy and society, the relationship between social interests is becoming more and more complicated, the social class structure is divided, social contradictions and problems are intertwined, and the situation and environment faced by social governance are more complicated. This urgently requires urban grassroots party organizations to effectively coordinate the interests of different departments, industries and groups, improve the level of urban construction, management and service, and constantly strengthen and innovate social governance. To lead the city’s social governance, Party building must first highlight political guidance, effectively integrate the party and government organs, enterprises and institutions, non-public economic organizations and social organizations within its jurisdiction, mobilize all kinds of forces and resources to participate in social governance to the maximum extent, and give full play to the party’s core role of commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties. In addition, the party building should constantly improve the working mechanism to lead the municipal social governance, and ensure the effective operation of the governance model of up-and-down linkage and co-construction from the system. Under the leadership of the Party organization, regional governance, departmental governance, industry governance and unit governance are organically combined through institutional innovation, and the synergy of government, market and society in social governance is brought into play, forming a multi-participation, interactive and complementary social governance synergy.

　　Adhere to the people as the center.People’s cities are built by the people and people’s cities are for the people. To promote the modernization of regional social governance, we must implement the people-centered development concept. The core of the city is people, which determines that the social governance of the city should start from meeting the needs of people’s better life. As Socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, urban residents need a better life more and more urgently, which not only puts forward higher requirements for material and cultural life, but also sets higher and higher standards for democracy, rule of law, security and environment, which poses new tasks and challenges for social governance. Municipal social governance should concentrate on doing a good job in people’s livelihood, do practical things, do good things and solve difficult problems for the people with greater efforts, and effectively enhance the sense of acquisition, happiness and security of urban residents. The people are the most active and energetic factors in social governance. Municipal social governance is not a "one-man show" by the party and the government, but it is necessary to give full play to the autonomy, enthusiasm and creativity of urban residents, and rely on the wisdom and strength of the broad masses of the people to build a social governance community that everyone is responsible, everyone is responsible and everyone enjoys. In the final analysis, the effect of urban social governance depends on the satisfaction of urban residents. At present, there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses in social governance. Whether these problems can be solved well is related to the attractiveness, creativity and competitiveness of the city. This requires grass-roots party organizations to play a good role as battle bastions, make good use of resources and strength in all aspects, and constantly improve the level of service and management, so that the effectiveness of social governance can benefit urban residents more, better and more fairly.

　　Strengthen systematic thinking.Adhering to the concept of system is a principle that must be followed in the economic and social development during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period. Urban social governance is a comprehensive systematic project, and it is also necessary to strengthen systematic thinking, scientifically grasp the laws and characteristics of social governance, pay attention to starting from the whole and the overall situation, and improve overall planning ability. Specifically, it is necessary to comprehensively and accurately understand the connotation and extension of regional social governance, plan regional social governance in the big chess game of national governance, and at the same time pay attention to the mutual cooperation and joint efforts with provincial governance and county governance to truly form the integrated effect of regional social governance. From the perspective of governance subjects, municipal social governance is the cooperative governance of multiple social subjects within the city, that is, under the leadership of the party, the benign interaction of the government, social organizations, citizens and all parties, in order to promote the coordinated operation of society. From the perspective of governance objectives, the goal of regional social governance is to prevent risks, resolve contradictions and solve problems, and ultimately promote the harmonious development of regional society and ensure social stability and order. From the perspective of governance mechanism, municipal social governance should organically integrate the social governance system of party Committee leadership, government responsibility, democratic consultation, social coordination, public participation, legal protection and scientific and technological support, form a municipal social governance mechanism of joint governance of problems, joint work and joint creation of peace, and create a "systematic" governance model. Strengthening systematic thinking in regional social governance is to organically unify governance subjects, governance objectives and governance mechanisms, so that multiple social subjects can do their best and develop their strengths.Stimulate social creativity to the greatest extent, thus forming the overall synergy of social governance.

　　Promote technology empowerment.The vigorous development of various new technologies, represented by new information technologies, provides new opportunities and new kinetic energy for innovative social governance. On the one hand, the use of modern technology and information technology such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain can make the process of social governance more intelligent and scientific, which not only improves the operational efficiency of urban governance, but also provides technical support and support for regional social governance. On the other hand, promoting information infrastructure connectivity, network smoothness, platform connectivity and data integration can enhance the scientific decision-making of regional social governance and improve the accuracy of forecasting and early warning and risk prevention and control. Promoting technology-enabled social governance is conducive to deepening the understanding of the regularity of social operation in the city. By creating modern, networked, information-based and professional social governance, science and technology can better serve the better life of urban residents in the process of realizing the "14 th Five-Year Plan" and the long-term goal in 2035.