标签归档 西安品茶

No one can count the ten "most" of the 2014 Beijing Auto Show.

High-speed expansion "double-edged sword" BMW recalled 10 times a year in China.

In recent years, the sales of BMW cars in China have made great strides, and the recalls due to product quality problems have increased significantly in the same period, which has aggravated the concerns about the quality control of BMW cars.

When the reporter inquired about the website of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, it was found that since February 2013, BMW cars have been recalled in China for 10 times, with a total of about 500,000 vehicles recalled, exceeding the sum of the sales of BMW brands in China in 2013. "These all reflect the problems that an enterprise will encounter when expanding at a high speed. Building (expanding) factories and accelerating product development will inevitably lead to quality loopholes. "A senior analyst in the automotive industry said.

Tanabata is coming. Is it appropriate to say "Happy Festival"?

  Beijing, August 14 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) The Qixi Festival has arrived. Have you figured out how to send blessings to others? Have you chosen a gift for your lover? Recently, similar issues have become a hot topic on the Internet.

  In recent years, Tanabata is a lively festival. Merchants from all walks of life hope to make a fortune by taking the opportunity, while couples are busy giving gifts to each other and thinking about blessing copywriting. There are also singles who laugh at themselves as "not suitable for holidays".

  How much do you know about this festival?

  Is it appropriate to say happy holidays to singles?

  The present Qixi Festival is also called "China Valentine’s Day".

  As early as it has not yet arrived, many people have made careful preparations: couples exchange gifts and wish each other a happy holiday, making this festival extremely warm.

  At the same time, some people laugh at themselves for "two delays in love career", which is not suitable for festivals; Considering the love theme of the festival, some people make fun of it. Don’t say "Happy Holidays" to singles, which is a double blow.

  Wang Juan, a folklore expert, explained that Tanabata is rich in connotation, including begging for cleverness, begging for children, tying a red rope and so on, which is far more than just love. In ancient times, there was no unified way of blessing in the whole country, so we had to talk about the matter.

  "For example, if you treat it as Valentine’s Day, you will wish it everlasting; When the girl’s adult ceremony is over, I wish the girl what she wants, and what kind of blessing to send, generally depends on the needs of both sides. " She said.

  Of course, on Tanabata, you can also say happy holidays. Wang Juan believes that singles can use this festival to express their love, and those who don’t want to celebrate this festival don’t have to. It is a very romantic festival in itself, so don’t give yourself so many restrictions.

  Not just love.

  Indeed, earlier, Tanabata had little to do with love. The spread of the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has something to do with the ancient people’s observation of the actions of Vega and Altair.

  According to ancient records, at that time in July evening, Vega just rose to the highest point of the year, which was clearly visible. In addition, the two dark stars next to Vega look like an opening to the east, and when you look to the east, you can see the "Altair".

  Later generations, the connotation of Tanabata gradually enriched. Begging with needles, for example, started in Han Dynasty, and is especially popular among women. The gameplay is very simple. They wear the needle in the competition. The faster they wear it, the more "cleverness" they beg for, and the success of threading the needle is "skillful".

  There is also a game called "floating needle trick". The girls will prepare a basin of water one day in advance and put it in the courtyard, and there will be floating dust on the water the next day. Then, the girls put the needle in and observe the projection of the needle after the sun comes out.

  In addition, according to folklore, July 7th is Kuixing’s birthday, and scholars who want to achieve fame will make sacrifices on Tanabata to pray for their success in the exam.

  In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was also a "Qiqiao City". The festive food on Tanabata is called "proper fruit", which is mainly made of oil, flour, sugar and honey. It is called "laughing tired of children" and "fruit eating pattern" in Tokyo Dream of China Record.

  Constantly enriched festival connotation

  Besides, Wang Juan once mentioned that in ancient times, one of the main contents of Chinese Valentine’s Day was begging for cleverness, so most unmarried girls celebrated this festival. In some areas, this day is a rite of passage for girls.

  For a traditional festival, its connotation, customs and so on would have been enriched and developed with the passage of time. In modern society, inheriting beneficial customs also needs to be linked with daily life.

  Therefore, as far as Tanabata is concerned, some experts suggest that we can start with the details, such as girls can still hold similar handicraft competitions and let children do proper fruit, which can also encourage young people to pay attention to and participate in this festival.

The Morning Post is super-expected that Ang Lee’s new film was "accused" and Lu Han was upgraded to be BOSS.

The fresh news morning call is all in the morning paper.

Good morning, people who eat melons! February has suddenly passed ~ According to the bold prediction of some girls, today’s circle of friends has been screened by 365 "Hello in March, good morning, come on". On the occasion of March, I would like to remind you friends that you want to have a good March. In addition to punching in, you should continue to work hard. Most importantly, you should continue to pay attention to the gossip of the morning newspaper every day, as well as those unimportant things in the film circle, such as the Oscar Awards broadcast live at 7:00 a.m. on the client side of our movie channel on March 5, adding good luck to your March ~

Overseas Telescope Ang Lee’s new film starts shooting, starring director becomes "veiled" online celebrity.

Chinese Pride Director Ang Lee has made new moves, and the new film has finally started shooting in the United States. Just one week after he joined the group, will smith, the leading actor, couldn’t help but broadcast live the shooting scene to "accuse" director Ang Lee of his evil deeds. Because the flying insects in Georgia, the location of the new film, are flying all over the place, everyone has to wear a gauze hood to go out to work. The "Emperor Shi" who was tortured by gauze to collapse complained to netizens in the live broadcast: "After filming for a week, Ang Lee made me fight wild animals."

Gemini malefic tells the story of an agent who is about to retire and finds himself being hunted by a killer, who is a clone of himself who is 25 years younger. In addition to starring will smith, it has been confirmed that Fan Wei, who is sharing pancakes with benedict cumberbatch, has joined us. Oh, no, I mean Benedict Wong … This film is expected to be released in October 2019, so don’t forget to support this science fiction film Made In Ang Lee ~

What about the star? Lu Han set up a personal studio, and the former agent Yang Naizhen sent a blessing.


Congratulations! WULI Lu Han set up a personal studio and successfully upgraded to deer Boss! Yesterday, Lu Han Studio issued an announcement: "The contract with Yixin Entertainment expired, and the two sides officially ended the cooperative relationship." In the statement, Lu Han thanked Yixin for his help and support in the past three years. At the same time, from February 28th, Lu Han’s related work will be independently operated by Lu Han Studio.

Yang Tianzhen, one of the founders of Yixin Entertainment, also expressed his blessing to Lu Han: "In the forty months of cooperation, we have experienced many unknown and known challenges together. We are proud and happy to bid farewell, and sincerely wish Lu Han a successful future and a vast life." I hope Lu Han can bring more and better works ~

Preview, grab the news, see the exposure, and finally predict that there is a companion in life called girlfriends.


Is your best friend sen? The best friend is that you take photos, and I have a picture. You are lovelorn, I accompany the wine, you are married, and I cry! If you want to ask if your feelings are deep or not, your girlfriend will make a toast! Directed by Huang Zhenzhen and starring Chen Yihan, Ar Fi and Zhang Junmi, the film "Girlfriend 2" will be released nationwide on March 2nd, and it’s time to have Yuanxiao and watch movies with girlfriends.

As presented in the final preview, the "girlfriends group" has gone through the process from strangeness to acquaintance, crying and laughing together, and also "tearing each other apart" but still never leaving. At the end, the warm-hearted confession that "as long as we just hold each other’s hands, we will never be lonely" makes the girl want it instantly. In the film, the bowl of chicken soup between girlfriends is sincere and warm, and the girl is expected to do it first ~

Industry broadcastget awayIndian movie box office has gone red all the way into the era of "separate accounts"


Just before the Spring Festival, it closed at 740 million box office, which is not bad. After the Spring Festival movie, the movie that once sold well in the Indian market will be released tomorrow. It’s just the beginning of 2018, and the China film market has ushered in the "Indian fever", and the momentum is really not small.

In fact, from 1950s, Indian films began to enter the eyes of China audiences. However, it broke out again and again on the big screen in China ~ In fact, Indian films entering the China market are generally introduced at a fixed fee, and with the popularity of Indian films in China, Mysterious Superstar has taken the form of "split accounts" (revenue sharing) when it was introduced to China, and it was introduced to China three months after it was released in India, setting a record for the shortest introduction period of Indian films ~ whether it is "approval".

Director of the big movie calendarAlain ResnaisDied (March 1, 2014)

(The specific broadcast content is subject to TV)

Want to get more fresh movie information, love beans, exclusive live video, don’t hurry to download CCTV6 movie channel app, there are girls waiting for you!

The young man joined this special volunteer team to help others after playing games for 8 months.

Residents of the community gave Dong Lianghong a thumbs up.

Residents of the community gave Dong Lianghong a thumbs up.

  one person

  I ate lunch at noon and started to play games. I didn’t go to sleep until 6 or 7 o’clock the next morning. After sleeping, I got up and continued to play. This kind of life lasted for 8 months, resulting in retinal detachment in both eyes. After three operations, I saved part of my vision and changed his life.

  A team

  I joined the volunteer service team and became a volunteer, hoping to bring my skills to those who need them more, and at the same time help those disabled people who are hiding in the dark corner like themselves, to bravely come out, integrate into society and face life optimistically.

  Xiao Xiao, a 26-year-old boy from Chengdu, played games in front of the computer day and night for eight months, resulting in retinal detachment in both eyes, leaving only one eye with weak vision. Losing his light, he tried to commit suicide, but with the help of his family, friends and society, he walked out of the darkness. He not only became a blind masseur by himself, but also joined a special volunteer team to help others give back to society.

  On the morning of November 14th, in dressing the, Xiao Xiao and the volunteer team came to Chengdu Wanjiafudi Community with a toolbox, providing services such as haircut, massage and shoeshine for the elderly and needy people here. What moved the residents at the scene was that these volunteers were all disabled, some of them were deaf and some were physically disabled. They were the service team for the disabled in Qingyang District of Chengdu and the first volunteer service team for the disabled in Sichuan Province.

  "Self-improvement, self-confidence and gratitude are our slogans and the original intention of building a team." Zeng Guanghui, captain of the service team for the disabled in Qingyang District, Chengdu, said.

  free service

  Massage haircut shine shoes

  Disabled volunteers come to serve the elderly and the weak in the community.

  On November 14th, after several days of cold weather, the long-lost sunshine came out, making the earth warm. In Wanjiafudi Community, a group of volunteers wearing red vests and red caps are busy, having haircuts, massages and shining shoes, providing convenient services for the elderly and the weak here. The scene is very warm.

  However, half an hour ago, when the volunteers first arrived, everyone just stopped to watch, and few residents received services. "They are all disabled people and people in need. How dare we ordinary people accept their free services?" Residents of the community said. It turned out that the volunteers who entered the community service this time were different from the past. They came from the disabled people’s service team in Qingyang District, Chengdu. The team members were all disabled, some were deaf and dumb, and some were physically disabled. Behind the volunteers, there is a poster with the words "self-improvement, self-confidence and gratitude" very eye-catching.

  "Disabled people need self-improvement and self-confidence, and we should understand and respect them." Mr. Chen, the citizen, accepted the shoeshine service before he first came to the shoeshine booth. In Uncle Chen’s view, it is a good thing for disabled volunteers to provide services, which can prove their self-reliance and self-confidence. Everyone should understand and respect them. If they do well, they should be praised. Even if they are not good, they should be encouraged to improve their self-reliance.

  When everyone learned the original intention of the volunteers, they enjoyed the free service of the volunteers and gave them a thumbs-up and praise.

  "Teacher, my back has been hurting for two weeks. Please give me a massage." He Zihua, a 75-year-old man, accidentally bumped into his waist at home two weeks ago, put on a plaster, and still felt dull pain. When she saw Xiao Xiao, who provided massage service, she went forward for consultation. "You may have a bad breath in your abdomen. Let me massage it for you." Xiao Xiao arranged for the old man to sit down, gently knead it with his fingers, and carefully asked about the symptoms. After analysis, the symptoms of the old man’s abdominal rib bifurcation were ruled out, which may be caused by impact. It is recommended that the old man go to the hospital for another examination. The reporter noticed that in the process of massage, Xiao Xiao also set up a dragon gate array with the old man, such as how old he was, how many people in his family, and what he liked to eat. The whole communication process was very pleasant, and the old man did not have a different vision because he was disabled. For the service of volunteers, the old man expressed great gratitude. "I am old, my legs have been in car accidents before, and it is inconvenient to move. Thank them for providing services and helping us elderly people."

  exert oneself constantly

  Not only can I earn money and live independently.

  You can also help others in need.

  "I want to prove myself, and I can do what normal people can do." Xiao Xiao, 26, is a member of the volunteer team. After graduating from college, he worked in sales, earning seven or eight thousand yuan a month, and likes to get together and play with friends as much as young people. Three years ago, he quit his good job at that time and returned home to find a job. When he doesn’t go to work, his free time is naturally much more. He loves to play games and begins to immerse himself in front of the computer. He plays day and night. "I started to play after eating at noon, and I didn’t sleep until six or seven the next morning. I got up and continued to play." Xiao Xiao said that this kind of life lasted for 8 months. Later, when I went out to play with my friends, I suddenly found that I couldn’t see clearly, and my vision was blurred. Later, my eyes were completely dark.

  After hospital examination, I was diagnosed with retinal detachment in both eyes and may be blind. After hearing the bad news, Xiao Xiao collapsed internally. "I am only in my twenties, and my life has just begun. After blindness, my life is over!" Unable to face the reality, he tried to commit suicide many times, but was stopped by his family and friends and constantly enlightened him. After three operations, Xiao Xiao’s left eye was partially preserved. Blindness has changed his life, but it has not faded his heart of active life. After being introduced, he came to the blind massage shop, where he not only learned massage techniques, but also made friends with disabilities. After coming into contact with this circle, he found that he could work and live like a normal person except for a few inconveniences.

  "I used to be a child who didn’t grow up. I grew up after experiencing it. I want to reassure my family that I can not only earn money to live independently, but also help others in need." After learning that the service team for the disabled in Qingyang District of Chengdu will be established, Xiao Xiao joined the team in the first batch and became a volunteer. He said that he hopes to bring his skills to those who need them more, and at the same time help those disabled people who are hiding in dark corners like themselves, to bravely come out, integrate into society and face life optimistically.

  Establish an initial heart

  Grateful to give back to society.

  Drive more disabled people into society.

  In the eyes of some citizens, the disabled are also vulnerable groups in society and the object of everyone’s help, but now they have to accept the voluntary service of the disabled. Is this good?

  "Self-improvement, self-confidence and gratitude are our slogans and the original intention of building a team." Zeng Guanghui, the captain of Chengdu Qingyang District Disabled People’s Service Team, said that the Chengdu Qingyang District Disabled People’s Service Team was formally established on November 8 this year. It is composed of Chengdu Qingyang District Minghui Disabled Service Center entrusted by Chengdu Qingyang District Disabled Persons’ Federation and consists of disabled volunteers. At present, there are 10 members. The team trains its members and provides convenience services such as shoeshine, haircut and massage for community residents, which reflects the spirit of self-reliance and self-reliance of the disabled, and at the same time gives back to the society’s care for the disabled.

  At the service site, there was a team member who buried himself in shoeshine seriously. His name was Dong Lianghong, and he had a speech disability and could not speak. He communicated through gestures when polishing shoes for the public. He first brushed the dust with a shoe brush, then coated it with shoe polish, wiped it repeatedly, and finally dried it with a soft cloth. Soon, a pair of brand-new leather shoes were polished, and the citizens gave him a thumb. Dong Lianghong smiled happily. Zeng Guanghui said that in the past, Dong Lianghong looked forward to being at home because of his disability, and rarely dealt with outsiders. After being introduced by friends to work with him, people became cheerful. Before the establishment of the volunteer team, he often participated in some public welfare activities. "As soon as he heard of activities, he was very active in signing up." To this end, the establishment of this team, in addition to giving back to society, also hopes to mobilize more disabled people to join in and integrate into society.

  The relevant staff of the Qingyang District Disabled Persons’ Federation in Chengdu told the reporter that this team is the first disabled volunteer service team in Sichuan Province. In order to support and encourage more disabled people to participate, the Disabled Persons’ Federation will also give volunteers some subsidies in transportation, meals and other aspects after each service. At the same time, Zeng Guanghui said that he hopes to expand the scale in the future, and provide more convenience services in addition to voluntary services, which can also promote the employment of disabled people. (Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star Journalist Zhang Yuting Photojournalist Liu Haiyun)

Zhang Yimou’s new work "Cross-border" fashion circle fashion "Butterfly" will be on stage.

1905 movie network news The second season of dialogue fable 2047, a brand-new concept performance produced by Buick and directed by Zhang Yimou, is about to premiere, and the team is rehearsing nervously recently.

In this performance, the masters of traditional folk art will join hands with the world’s top scientific and technological experts, and Zhang Yimou, who advocates cultural inheritance through innovation, even "crossed the border" fashion circle and invited the international avant-garde fashion design team of Turkish Ezra Tuba to join the performance. 

The internationally renowned Ezra Tuba team used nanotechnology and wearable technology to create the world’s first flying Butterfly Dress together with Intel. This dress can sense external stimuli, including touch, body temperature and movements. When an object approaches or movesWhen the mobile device communicates wirelessly, the butterfly on the clothes will "wake up" slowly, and gradually speed up the rhythm frequency of the wings and dance in the air as the object approaches. This time, this technology will also be applied to the unit program "Song Shu Butterfly" in the second season of Dialogue Fable 2047. When the enthusiastic Zhuang people sing Poya Song Shu, ancient songs can call "Butterfly" and bring the audience a sense of returning to nature. 

In an exclusive interview, Zhang Yimou admitted that the "cross-border" fashion circle aims to "add technology and intangible cultural heritage together with the traditional culture of China, and we hope to present a particularly good visual effect on the stage at 1+1." As early as the press conference of Dialogue Fable 2047 in the second season, Bao Ye, director of Buick Marketing Department of SAIC-GM, the producer, already said, "I am looking forward to seeing our team really make a bigger and newer breakthrough in the second season and show it to the audience." 

Get "model design" new skills: can AI control its own evolution?

  "It only takes a few lines of code to build a regression model." Programmers recognize the performance of Google AutoML and think that the model designed by AutoML is comparable to that designed by machine learning experts. A few days ago, Google engineers introduced the Google AutoML project in China and Silicon Valley respectively.

  Confused doubts followed — — AI evolved again? ! Already self-developed? Can control their own evolution? Is it to get rid of humans?

  How many steps does evolution take?

  AI has indeed evolved, and it can do more and more things and achieve remarkable results. Behind it is the "triple jump" of AI implementation path — —

  Zhao Zhigang, a researcher at the Big Data R&D Department of Jinan Center of National Supercomputing, said: "At first, we used mathematical formulas and ‘ if… … then’ Wait for the statement to tell the computer what to do in the first step and what to do in the second step, teach it by hand, and then give the machine N groups of inputs and outputs. The rules or laws in the middle are learned by itself. "

  "Before, many smart minds spent their whole lives studying how to extract effective features." Mo Yu, CTO of Smart Point, which focuses on intelligent shopping guide dialogue robots, explained, "The invention of neural network algorithm and the emergence of deep learning technology have made AI evolve to 2.0, and the work of extracting features is carried out by AI itself, and our work has also changed accordingly."

  It is easy to explain the transition from "1.0" to "2.0" with the model of mathematical function: if the tasks of image recognition, semantic understanding and chess playing are all regarded as different Y=f(X), that is, the input picture, voice or chess move of "cat" is "x", and the output cat, answer and chess move is "y". Before deep learning, people find the formula corresponding to function F through their own analysis and tell it to AI. After deep learning, people input a lot of correspondence between x and y, and AI finds the formula corresponding to function f by itself.

  "The specific content of the function F found by AI may be better than that found by humans, but humans don’t know it, just like a black box." Mo Yu said, "But the form of F is designed by AI researchers through research. If deep neural network is used, the modules in the network and the organization between modules are also designed in advance."

  With the maturity and popularization of deep learning technology, there has been a specific pursuable experience in model construction. "The release of various common neural networks has made the threshold for employment lower and lower. Some ordinary model construction and optimization, just graduated students can get started in online learning tutorials. " Zhao Zhigang said.

  When modeling becomes a learnable skill, AutoML appears. What it can do is the model design work of AI researchers. "It will help different companies build artificial intelligence systems, even if they don’t have extensive expertise." Google engineers recommend this. AI successfully evolved to 3.0.

  In fact, AutoML still replaces the work that human beings can extract experience. "If people described a set of ‘ Road network ’ With the technical assistance of deep learning, the machine can find the optimal path as quickly as possible; Then AI can now design its own road network. " Zhao Zhigang was concise.

  It can be seen that both deep learning and AutoML only replace the work that some groups of human beings have studied thoroughly. "What machines can do, try not to work by hand" is the life creed of many programmers, which gave birth to AutoML. Based on the same creed, Microsoft developed DeepCoder. "It can be used to generate programs that satisfy given input and output." Mo Yu said, but its performance is not satisfactory at present, and only some simple programs can be written.

  Who is "God"

  There is no doubt that the answer is human.

  Since AI has evolved to a higher level of model design, what changes have taken place in the "hand of God"?

  "An alchemist", Mo Yu vividly talked about his work in two words. "Smart is a professional intelligent customer service. The work of R&D personnel mainly focuses on problem modeling (how to turn actual problems into problems solved by artificial intelligence technology) and algorithm optimization (how to improve the effect of artificial intelligence algorithms)."

  "refining" means constant debugging and improvement. "For a specific person, the more you throw your temper, the better. The more accurate the answer, the better." Mo Yu said, "Our X is the customer’s question, Y is the reply of the robot customer service, and the middle function F needs training."

  This is not an easy task. If we divide the experience of human society into three categories: definite rules with formulas, knowledge that can be expressed in words, and feelings that can only be understood but cannot be expressed. The last category is the most difficult to ponder.

  "Therefore, we try to build a perfect closed-loop feedback, understand the preferences of specific users, and finally achieve what they like through the expression of emotions and interests." Mo Yu said, "At present, it is in the stage of man-machine collaboration, but the acquisition of more and more samples will help our intelligent customer service to give accurate and pleasing answers."

  It can be seen that not all fields are suitable for AI’s self-development. For example, in the aspect of problem modeling, how to abstract practical problems into machine learning problems can not be completed by AI. In the stage of AI2.0, R&D personnel also need to design the form of function F manually.

  So, what will be the future of AutoML popularization?

  "Humans are liberated from lower-level jobs." Zhao Zhigang said, "If the model design can be done by AI, then AI researchers will explore more the design of the basic modules that make up the model."

  "Developing AI models with AutoML is similar to children playing with ‘ Lego ’ Toys. " Zhao Zhigang put it in simple terms, and the designers of Lego disassembled the whole world into detailed modules, so that everything could be used and then combined into complex models. The higher level of human work is to find basic units, that is, modules, for AI in different fields. For example, in the field of image recognition, humans have designed various modules such as convolution and pooling. "AutoML can build a model based on this, and constantly adjust the module combination to obtain a more reasonable output. The finer the module, the more versatile it can be, and the more self-developed AI can be used. " Zhao Zhigang said.

  Extended reading

   Where are the talents needed by the industry?

  Alleviating the shortage of talents is the main selling point of AutoML. "AI systems are blooming everywhere, but AI talents are far behind." Google explains why AutoML is indispensable. What is the current status of AI talents?

  In 2017, the Global AI Talent Report and the BAT Artificial Intelligence Talent Development Report were released one after another. "The shortage of AI talents is real." Xu Wenjuan, vice president of Shengshi Investment Group, said, "The shortage of talents in start-up and development enterprises is particularly serious. From the current global perspective, the United States has the largest number of AI talents, and China’s AI talents can’t be compared with it in terms of number of people and experience. "

  Zhao Zhigang has the same feeling: "China’s AI field is short of veterans, experts, generalists and top masters." The optimization and debugging of the model requires experience, the exquisite design of the model requires superb skills, and the application of AI in various industries requires compound talents. In addition, there are only a handful of top talents leading the development direction of AI, and most of them are abroad.

  Xu Wenjuan introduced that China has the most AI talents in BAT (Baidu, Ali, Tencent). Generally, there are several kinds of background experiences of such talents, such as returnees, BAT work experience, or from universities or research institutes.

  "AI self-development should not be able to replace people’s work in the short term, and there is still a long way to go." Xu Wenjuan said. Zhao Zhigang analyzed from an academic point of view: "Only when human beings design AI models in different application fields and further decompose them into a series of general modules, such as the periodic table of elements in chemistry, DNA and RNA in biology, can this self-development have more applications."

Xinglongzhuang Street, Yanzhou District, Jining City launched a nationwide reading activity of "advocating reading for all and enjoying reading happiness"

  Public Network reporter Wei Donghui correspondent Xia Endo Jining reports.

  On March 18th, Xinglongzhuang Street, Yanzhou District, Jining City, relying on the rural bookstore of the New Era Civilization Practice Institute, organized the offline reading activities of "advocating reading for all and enjoying reading happiness" and "learning to strengthen the country" to create a strong reading atmosphere.

  At the activity site, the masses selected their favorite books and shared the pleasure of reading in the warm and quiet bookstore. In the reading sharing session, the masses actively expressed their reading experience, and also shared the experience of using "learning power", and actively recommended it to the audience, inviting them to scan the code and download the "learning power" mobile APP to jointly improve their scientific and cultural literacy.

  "This activity has created a good reading atmosphere for the whole people, stimulated the reading enthusiasm of the masses and injected new vitality into the construction of spiritual civilization in the streets. Xinglongzhuang Street will make full use of the farmer’s bookstore as an offline experience space for’ learning power’, continue to promote’ online and offline’ reading and learning activities, and continuously promote the development of reading for all. " Peng Fenggang, stationmaster of Xinglongzhuang Street Cultural Station, said.

La Liga: las palmas vs Atletico Madrid! Blood pressure? Why does Atletico Madrid like the home team type?

Let’s have our first chat today.La Liga: las palmas vs Atletico Madrid!

At the beginning of the season, we talked about Atletico Madrid’s away game against Vallecano. At that time, we analyzed why Atletico Madrid likes teams like Vallecano.

Coincidentally, today’s las palmas is also quite similar to Vallecano.Can Atletico continue to satisfy the fans?

This las palmas is just like.Basaer teamSame.

After playing in Barcelona for more than ten years, coach Pimienta has been a youth training echelon coach in Barcelona for twenty years.

After he came to las palmas, he brought in many players from Barcelona’s youth training to play football in Barcelona.

So,The style of this team is very similar to that of Barcelona, and many data are also very close to that of Barcelona.For example, the possession rate, the average number of passes per game, the high-pressure forced data and so on.

They have many advantages of Barcelona, such as high-intensity and effective high-level grabbing.Not only can it disrupt the opponent’s offensive organization, but it can often launch a counterattack on the spot to get a chance to break the door after stealing.

Therefore, it is very powerful for them to play the passing and controlling teams such as Huang Qian and Royal Society, and it will be very difficult for opponents to organize attacks normally.

But Atletico don’t buy it.

We introduced it before when Atletico Madrid played Vallecano.Atletico’s attack is very simple and fast, and it pays attention to the quick delivery of the ball, which will not give the opponent too much time to rush forward.

Moreover, because Atletico Madrid’s lineup is very stable, their ability to kick the ball may even be close to the level of Real Madrid.

Then, if Real Sociedad, Vallecano and other high-ranking teams that are equally fierce are hard to win the ball from Atletico Madrid, it may be difficult for las palmas.

Besides,Las palmas also has many shortcomings of Barcelona, for example, because a large number of people pressed into the frontcourt and forced to grab, which led to being easily beaten by opponents.

In almost every game this season, their opponents can get excellent scoring opportunities by playing behind them. For example, the last goal of almeria was a long pass behind them.

As far as Barcelona can play like this, it is backed by a strong defender. araujo, Comte and Christensen are all first-class in La Liga.

But las palmas doesn’t have a first-class defender. Even when playing Huang Qian, Huang Qian’s 1.95-meter high center Soloff is actually faster than their defender …

The combination of Atletico’s Gleizman and Morata is one of the best combinations in the five major leagues, and Morata is in the best season of his career, so it is hard for las palmas’s defenders to guard against it.

In addition, on the 1st, las palmas went to Manakol Island in the Mediterranean to play in the Cup, with a journey of 4,000 kilometers, which was still a bit of a toss-up.

Although the rotation has been made, many main players have also played, which may be somewhat worn out and may be at a disadvantage in physical fitness.

In the case that there is a big gap between the lineup configuration and competition experience of the two teams, if the weak side has no advantage in technical and tactical style and physical fitness, it will be difficult to play this game.

If Atletico Madrid wins tonight,You can temporarily climb to the top of La Liga.The fighting spirit may be relatively strong.

All things considered, can Atletico satisfy the fans? What do you think? The cocktail party expects them to score three points away from home!

Well, in other competitions today, Xiaojiu will still send you text analysis in the evening. If you have anything unclear, you can ask me, "Look at the ball and see clearly", and we will be there or not!

If you like it, move your fingers and pay attention to it!

What are the "magic weapons" to deal with the super typhoon "Lichima" and "Noisy Sea"?

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 12 th: What are the "magic weapons" to deal with the super typhoon "Lichima" and "Nautical Sea"?

  Xinhua News Agency reporters Ye Haoming, Gao Jing, Wang Junlu and Qin Huajiang

  It has caused 5 deaths and 7 missing in Shandong, 39 deaths and 9 missing in Zhejiang, and 73 rivers have exceeded the police … … The super typhoon "Lichima" has caused great losses to many coastal provinces and cities. What is the origin of "Lichima"? Have local emergency plans played their due role? What other aspects should we pay attention to in the next step to deal with the "Lichima" invasion? Xinhua News Agency reporters visited the front line of fighting against typhoons and launched an investigation.

  "Lichima", "Naughty Sea" and "Soft Meng" fruits are named super typhoon.

  According to the reporter’s understanding, "Lichima" is a tropical fruit with a "soft and cute" image and a close taste. I don’t want to become the name of the third strong typhoon that landed in East China in 70 years. According to experts, "Lichima" has become the fiercest typhoon this year because of its violent storms.

  — — Gale. The previous typhoons "Muen" and "Weipa" were tropical storms when they landed, and the winds were 8 and 9 respectively, which was far lower than the maximum wind intensity of 16 when "Lichima" landed. On the morning of the 11th, there were 8-10 gusts in northeastern Jiangsu, northeastern Anhui, northern Shandong and southern Bohai, and the local gusts in Qingdao and Tai ‘an in Shandong could still reach 12.

  — — Rainstorm. The huge rainfall brought by "Lichima" also threatens the safety of relevant places. As of the 10th, the rainfall in Taizhou, Zhejiang, northern Wenzhou, southern Ningbo and southwestern Huzhou reached 350-580mm, 829mm in Kuocangshan, Taizhou and 706mm in Sanmen. At the same time, heavy rain or heavy rain occurred in Shanghai, Jiangsu, central and eastern Shandong, eastern Anhui and other places, and heavy rain occurred in Weifang and Linyi, Shandong, with rainfall of 250 to 407 mm. As of the 11th, 73 rivers in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Shandong and other places have experienced over-alert floods since August 9th.

  Why did "Lichima" bring such huge rainfall? "A typhoon is like a huge ‘ Water vapor absorber ’ Absorb water vapor from the ocean and bring heavy precipitation to the land. " Senior engineer of Typhoon and Marine Meteorological Forecast Center of China Meteorological Bureau explained to Chun Yi that the monsoon input of "Lichima" is very strong, that is to say, there is a cross-equatorial airflow to transport warm and humid air rich in water vapor in the equatorial region into the typhoon, which greatly increases its "water" power.

  Since the 8th, "Lichima" has caused many disasters, including landslides, mudslides and urban waterlogging. According to authoritative statistics, as of 7: 00 on the 12th, Typhoon Lichima had affected 6.679 million people, affected 234,000 hectares of crops and damaged 41,000 houses.

  Start emergency plans in many places according to law to reduce the degree of disaster.

  On the evening of the 8th, Weibo, the official of Qingdao Professional Meteorological Observatory, reported that a report reprinted by Qingdao Municipal People’s Government Press Office issued a typhoon warning in violation of regulations. "Qingdao Meteorology" emphasizes that "if a typhoon warning is issued, the city will start emergency plans, including flood control and resettlement, which is a very serious matter". This little tidbit once again highlights the importance of starting and implementing the "emergency plan" according to law when dealing with serious natural disasters.

  According to the reporter’s understanding, the China Meteorological Bureau has launched a Class II emergency response to major meteorological disasters (typhoons), issued a typhoon red warning, and carried out targeted monitoring, forecasting and early warning services;

  As the first province to contact typhoon, Zhejiang reserves all kinds of emergency relief materials, and the meteorological department launched the Class I emergency response against typhoon at the first time.

  According to the requirements of the emergency plan, Hangzhou has investigated 6,902 farmhouses, evacuated more than 2,000 people and closed 38 A-level scenic spots; According to the movement path, development and influence of the typhoon, Ningbo will continue to do a good job in the transfer and resettlement of people in dangerous areas and the safety management of transferred people and ships in Hong Kong according to the emergency plan.

  In Jiangsu and Shuyang County, from 20: 00 on August 11th, the flood control level I emergency response was launched, and 32 towns and villages with 255,000 people’s efforts arrived at the designated position of Xinyi River embankment to patrol the embankment to ensure related safety.

  In Shandong, Qingdao fangzhi upgraded the typhoon prevention level II emergency response to level I emergency response at 13: 00 on the 11th. The Water Affairs Bureau keeps a close eye on the largest river course in the city — — Flood control safety of Dagu River. The Culture and Tourism Bureau requires all scenic spots in the city to be closed and stop visiting activities. The Bureau of Commerce requires relevant units to strengthen the organization of the supply of "vegetable basket" commodities such as meat and vegetables to ensure that the market supply is not out of stock and does not stop.

  Xie Yuwen, dean of Zhongguancun Zhilian Disaster Perception Science Research Institute, said that timely launching and fully implementing the emergency plan can effectively help all localities control the disaster in the face of major disasters. Shouguang, Shandong Province, was affected by the typhoon, although the rainfall hit a historical record, but the disaster level was significantly lower than last year.

  "Wind blowing to the north" plus general disaster risk Northeast China or long-term large-scale precipitation

  The reporter learned from the Emergency Management Department of Shandong Province on the 12th that according to preliminary statistics, there were 1,655,300 people affected by the disaster in Shandong Province, 5 people died and 7 people were missing. The affected area of crops is 175,400 hectares, and 609 houses have collapsed. Relevant disaster data are being further counted.

  Why "the wind blows north"? Xiang Chunyi told reporters that the subtropical high was relatively strong this year. Under its guidance, "Lichima" did not land in low-latitude Guangdong and other places, but moved to the northwest.

  Experts warned that the biggest problem of the current typhoon northward is to directly expose the northern region with less experience in fighting typhoons to the typhoon. Because the northern part of China has a weak ability to withstand heavy rain and generally lacks experience in typhoon prevention, it will greatly increase the risk of disaster, so it must not be taken lightly.

  The reporter learned that at present, the expert group of flood control and drought relief technology of Shandong Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters is all in place, and professional consultation and judgment have been carried out on the situation of reservoir exceeding flood limit, river flood discharge and mountain torrents prone to occur. Shandong Provincial Defense Index has sent eight working groups to 16 cities in the province to guide the typhoon defense work on the spot, and urged all localities to carry out detailed safety hazard investigation and grasp the key links of defense.

  Xiang Chunyi also reminded that the weakening of typhoon landing does not mean that rainfall is reduced. The influence of "Lichima" on the northeast of North China will be long-term and wide-ranging, and the influence of continuous precipitation accumulation will be great.

  Experts said that from the afternoon of the 11th to the next 72 hours, there will be large-scale precipitation in the northeast of North China. After 72 hours, there may be some precipitation influence in the east of Northeast China.

Why are only dragons fictional in the zodiac? How did the ancients come up with it?

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This article is about 5600 words.
Reading takes 15 minutes.

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Xi he Imperial Day, illustration, modern, Yan Xiaonan. Xi he is both the god of the sun and the god of making calendars. Gao You said in the note "Huainanzi Astronomical Training": "Ride by car every day, drive with six dragons, and xi he will control it."

It is generally believed that the dragon is an imaginary animal that does not exist in reality. However, human imagination is not rootless water, and any imagination must have its realistic prototype. Which animal did the dragon originate from in nature?

Dragon and snake entanglements

There have always been different opinions on the above question, including crocodile theory, lizard theory, snake theory, pig theory, dinosaur theory, hippo theory and horse theory, etc. At present, there is no conclusion. Among these animals, the relationship between snakes and dragons is quite intriguing. Dragons, like snakes, have long curved bodies that can be coiled and stretched.(The difference is that dragons have enough but snakes don’t). In many ancient books, dragons and snakes often go hand in hand. "Under the Yi Cohesion" records that "the trend of dragons and snakes is to survive"; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Chong also said that "the dragon is like a snake, and the snake is like a dragon" in "On Balance and Telling Rui". Later, Bao Puzi, a book written in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, clearly pointed out: "There are dragons of nature, and there are dragons transformed from snakes." This sentence shows that at least some dragons evolved from snakes. So far, people have always called snakes "little dragons". In folklore, there is a story about the mutual change of dragons and snakes. It is said that there is a dragon in Tanzhe Temple in Beijing, which flew away on a stormy night, leaving two snake-like "dragons". In addition, there is a Bailong Temple on Mount Emei in Sichuan. Although the temple is named after the dragon, it commemorates the white snake in The Legend of the White Snake.(White Snake).
About because of this origin, the phenomenon that snakes and dragons are mixed and called is common in ancient books. People can often find the image of "human head snake body", such as Fuxi and Nu Wa. The Han Fu "Lu Lingguang Dian Fu" contains: "Fuxi scales, Nuwa snake body." Guo Pu, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote in The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Wild West Classic: "Nu Wa, an ancient goddess and emperor, has a snake-faced body, which changes from seventy to seventy in a day, and her abdomen becomes this god." Fuxi and Nu Wa are also snake heads in the Silk Painting of Fuxi Nu Wa Tu unearthed from Astana Tomb in Turpan, Xinjiang. "Liezi Huangdi" yue:

"Dong offer’s?(Fuxi), Nuwa, Shennong(Yan Di)Xia Houshi, a snake with a human face, a bull’s head and a tiger’s nose: this is inhuman and has the virtue of a great sage. "
Apart from Nvwa 、 Fuxi and Emperor Yan, there are many mythical figures in China who are also human heads and snakes. For example, "phase liu, nine faces, snake body and green", "Gong Gong, snake body and Zhu Fa" and so on. The most striking thing is that "Shan Hai Jing Overseas Western Classic" records: "The country of Xuanyuan … in the north of women’s country, people face the snake, and the tail meets the head." "Xuanyuan" is the title of Yellow Emperor. In the Ming Dynasty, Tao Zongyi said that Xuanyuan was "a dragon with a head" in Shuo cymbals. The same god is sometimes called "snake body" and sometimes called "dragon body". This proves that the two refer to the same thing, that is, the "snake body" is the "dragon body".

For such a phenomenon, Wen Yiduo thought in Fuxi Kao in his early years:

"The dragon totem, whether it is like a horse, a dog, a fish, a bird or a deer, is a snake in its trunk and basic form, which shows that in the era when many totem units were in the first place, the snake totem was the most powerful among them, and the merger and melting of many totems was the result of the merger and assimilation of many weak units."

From the viewpoint of "dragon and snake are integrated", among the many fairy animals with different forms and characteristics recorded in Shan Hai Jing, which can be regarded as a master of ancient myths, there are many who have "dragon bodies (snake bodies)". For example, "Shan Hai Jing Nan Shan Jing" says: "From Tianyu Mountain to Nanyu Mountain, every 14 mountains, 6,530 miles, have a dragon body and a human face." When offering sacrifices to these mountain gods, a white dog is used as a sacrifice, and the polished rice used for the sacrifice is glutinous rice. "Shan Hai Jing Zhongshan Jing" is the cloud:

"Every shouyangshan, surrendered to the mountain as for the third mountain, jiusan, two hundred and sixty-seven. Its gods are all dragons and faces. "
The practice of offering sacrifices to these mountain gods is different. To preside over the sacrificial ceremony, a rooster should be buried in the ground as a living sacrifice. Cereal grains such as millet, millet, rice, sorghum and wheat should be used as the refined rice for sacrifice. In Shan Hai Jing Bei Shan Jing, the "dragon with a human face" becomes a "snake with a human face". The so-called "from the mountain of a single fox to the dike mountain, where there are 25 mountains and 5,490 miles, their gods are all snake with a human face". When offering sacrifices to these gods, a rooster and a pig used as sacrifices should be buried in the ground, and a jade Jue should be used in the beautiful jade for offering sacrifices to the gods, only buried in the ground without using rice for offering sacrifices. The most peculiar thing is the mountain gods in Shan Hai Jing Nan Shan Jing: "Where the South Second Classic is the first, from Guishan to Qiwu Mountain, where there are seventeen mountains, 7,200 miles, their gods are all dragons and birds." The appearance is different, and the way of sacrifice is naturally different. When offering sacrifices to these mountain gods, a jade jade must be buried in the ground with the sacrificed livestock, and the refined rice for the sacrifice should be used.
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The picture of Fuxi Nuwa, in Tang Dynasty, is colored in silk, with a length of 220 cm and a width of 116.5 cm. It is now in the Museum of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and was unearthed in Astana cemetery in Xinjiang in 1965.Fuxi and Nu Wa in the painting are the images of human heads and snake bodies.
In addition to these four-sided mountain gods, there are also records of "dragon (snake) body" gods in Shanhaijing, Xishan Classic and Overseas North Classic. For example:

"There is a god, and the human head is snake-shaped, long as a shaft, with a head on the left and right, purple clothes and a crown, which is called Yanwei."

"phase liu, nine faces, snake and green. Dare not shoot north, afraid of the stage of gong gong. Taiwan is in its east. "

In The Classic of Mountains and Seas, phase liu is a courtier of the water god Gong Gong. He can eat food from nine mountains, and the land he passes through becomes a swamp, making it difficult for birds to live and causing floods. By the way, phase liu appeared in the Hollywood movie "Fantastic Night at the Museum 3" ten years ago, but his image was depicted as a nine-headed python. In fact, this is not in line with the statement of "human head and snake body" in Shan Hai Jing.

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Stills of the movie "Fantastic Night at the Museum 3". The prototype of Hydra comes from phase liu, who wrote "Nine human faces, the snake is green" in Shan Hai Jing. The film depicts it as a nine-headed python, which is actually not in line with the statement of "human head snake body" in Shan Hai Jing.

"Ying Long" has wings.

Shan Hai Jing, of course, does not lack the records of "complete form" dragons. The so-called "complete form" is the dragon image that people are familiar with today, that is, the "dragon has nine similarities" summarized by Luo Yuan in Er Ya Yi in Song Dynasty."Dragon, with horns like deer, head like camel, eyes like rabbits, neck like snakes, abdomen like salamanders, scales like fish, claws like eagles, palms like tigers, ears like cows."If the dragon grows wings again, it is called "ying"Dragon ". For example, Guo Pu notes: "Ying Long, the dragon has wings", and "Guangya Release Fish" also records: "Ying Long is called with wings."
There are also many records of Ying Long with wings in Shan Hai Jing. For example, The Wild North Classic records that when Chiyou led a group of monsters to attack the ground of Zhuolu under the jurisdiction of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor first ordered Ying Long to go out to fight. Ying Long is good at storing water, and plans to drown the ranks of Chiyou in Jizhou wilderness with huge rain. Unexpectedly, the cunning Human-God was ready, so he invited Fengbo Rain Master to take the lead in setting up a big storm. Ying Long’s power was hard to exert for a while. When the Yellow Emperor saw it, he sent his heavenly daughter "Hao" to help. "Hao" has the ability to stop the wind and rain. At that time, Ying Long and Chi-you took advantage of the storm, unable to withstand it, and were defeated and killed. From the historical perspective, the battle between Huangdi and Chiyou was naturally early.The struggle between human tribes can never be assisted by gods as in the Romance of Gods. Ying Long, Chi-you, and even Fengbo Rain Master of Chi-you were probably just the names of the tribes at that time. Among them, the tribe named "Ying Long" takes some kind of winged dragon as its totem.

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"Ying Long Painting Rivers", a sculpture, is located in Dayu Mythological Garden in Wuhan. The heckling words in "The Songs of the South" link Ying Long and Dayu’s water control. Dayu "tried his best to ditch the river and guide Sichuan and Yiyue", and Ying Long was ordered to open the way ahead. It draws the land with its tail, and wherever it is drawn, the river road it opens extends to where it is drawn.
In Shan Hai Jing, next, Ying Long pushed on and met Kuafu. Kuafu is a well-known mythical figure. Shan Hai Jing Da Huang Bei Jing recorded: "Kuafu overreached himself, and wanted to pursue the scenery of the sun and caught it in Yugu. I will drink the river but not enough. I will go to osawa and die here before I arrive. " This is the famous story of "Kuafu chasing the sun". However, the same book also records another statement. "Ying Long has killed Chiyou and Kuafu, so he went to the south." In the war between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou, Kuafu sided with Chiyou and became the enemy of Ying Long. For these two different records, Guo Pu thought:

"Kuafu in Shangyun overreached himself and died in competition with Japan. Today, Fuyun was killed by Ying Long, and his death has no name. He sent it when he touched something, which shows that his changes are not square and cannot be measured."

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Ying Long. There are many records of Ying Long with wings in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and the Map of Mountains and Seas: A Catalogue of Animals in the Classic of Mountains and Seas was painted by Li Yunzhong, People’s Literature Publishing House.

Ying Long defeated Chiyou first and then killed Kuafu, which made great contributions to the victory of the Yellow Emperor, but it also paid a heavy price for it. Shan Hai Jing Wild East longitude records that "Ying Long is in the South Pole, killing Chiyou and Kuafu", and he may also be weakened in the struggle, so he "can’t get back."(unable to return to heaven)",can only live in the northeast corner of the wild, there is a mountain called fierce plow mound". And the sky lacks the god of clouds and rain, so the drought in the lower bound has been going on for years. Shan Hai Jing Da Huang Bei Jing said that after Ying Long killed Kuafu, he "went to the south, so it was rainy in the south". Guo Pu said: "It’s a long story, and it’s similar to each other." That is, where the dragon goes, the precipitation goes.

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Two-wing Ying Long portrait brick, Han. Because Ying Long can make clouds make rain, when the drought is severe, people make Ying Long look like mud, sand and stones and pray.
Because Ying Long can make clouds make rain, when there is a serious drought, people make Ying Long look like mud, sand and stones, and pray, "Drought is like Ying Long, but heavy rain". In this way, there is another "earth dragon" in the dragon family, and the folk also have the custom of "repairing the earth dragon after drought". There are also many records about the earth dragon causing rain. Huai Nan Zi Shuo Shan Xun said that "saints use things, if they use Zhu Si to make friends with pigs, if they seek rain for the earth dragon".

As for the image and skills of Ying Long in ancient mythology, even Qu Yuan expressed doubts and feelings in Tian Wen: "What is Ying Long’s painting? What is the calendar of rivers and seas? " For this sentence, Wang Yi notes:

"When Yu treated the flood, a dragon painted the land with its tail. Those who guide the water should be decided, so they should be treated. "

HongXingZu note cloud:

"The" Mountain and Sea Classic Map "cloud, Xia Yu governs the water, and Ying Long draws the land with the tail."

The heckling words in "The Songs of the South" link Ying Long and Dayu’s water control. Dayu "tried his best to ditch the river and guide Sichuan and Yiyue", and Ying Long was ordered to open the way ahead. It draws the land with its tail, and wherever it is drawn, the river road it has opened extends to where it is drawn. If Dayu is a model of whole-hearted water control, then Ying Long can be regarded as the number one hero of Dayu’s charge. As for the realistic prototype of "Ying Long painted the land with the tail"(or the truth)Some scholars think that it is possible that Dayu got help from the clan with dragon totem in water control, or that it is a reflection of the joint water control of the clan with dragon totem; Mr Wen Yiduo thinks:

"The dragon who paints the land into a river is Yu himself, and the dragon who can paint the land into a river is the dragon who digs the river totem. It coexists with the ancestor Yu and is contradictory, so he sent the dragon as Yu’s teacher, saying that Yu’s method of water control came from the dragon."

In a word, such myths in Dayu’s water control are unlikely to be imagined out of thin air.

There are many dragons.

It is worth mentioning that the book Shu Yi Ji, written in the Southern Dynasties, also records:

"Hydra turned into a dumpling in 500 years, a dragon in 1,000 years, a horned dragon in dragon five in 100 years and a Ying Long in 1,000 years."

It can be seen that it takes thousands of years for Ying Long to grow up, which is the highest level of dragons-that’s why it grows wings. "Guang Ya Shi Guo" cloud:

"There are scales called dragons, wings called Ying Long, horns called a dragon, horns called a dragon, and dragons without horns called a dragon. Before ascending to heaven, they called a dragon."

It shows that the types of "dragons" described in ancient books are ever-changing and varied.

Although Shuo Yi Ji regards Jiao as the predecessor of Dragon, other ancient books don’t think so. The authoritative Shuo Wen Jie Zi clearly points out:

"Dumpling, the dragon is also. There are 3,600 fish in the pond, and the dumplings are long. "

There are many records about dumplings in Shan Hai Jing. For example, "Haineixijing" cloud:

"There are tree birds in Kaiming South, with six songs; Dumplings, scorpions, snakes, scorpions, leopards, and birds rank trees in the surface pond. "

Zhongshan Jing contains:

"Ten times once the first of jingshan mountain, yue wing at the mountain. Turbulent water flows out, and the east flows into the economy; When the water comes out, it flows to Han in the southeast, and many of them are awkward. "
Although these records only refer to "Jiao" but not "Dragon", in fact "Jiao" refers to "Dragon". Because Guo Pu said, "Dumplings are like snakes, with four legs and dragons."

From the records of Shan Hai Jing, Jiao(dragon)Living in all kinds of rivers. It didn’t leave a good impression in the minds of the ancients. According to the Records of Collected Notes, according to legend, during the Tang and Yao Dynasties, there was a big dumpling, "Three rivers overflowed and the sea was in the same stream", and its prototype was obviously an aquatic animal. In the famous story of "eliminating three evils around", one of the evils refers to "dumpling under the long bridge". Guo Pu commented:

"Dumpling is like a snake, but its four feet are small, its head is thin, its neck is covered with white scabies, and the big ones are more than a dozen. Its eggs are like a stone urn, which can swallow people."

These characteristics are easily reminiscent of crocodiles in reptiles. However, there is only one kind of crocodile living in China today, that is, the Chinese alligator living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, this kind of animal has a mild temperament and there are few records of attacking people since ancient times. Obviously, this can’t be related to the dumpling that can swallow people. Fortunately, it is also recorded in the history books that there was an "alligator disaster" in the Hanjiang River Basin in Lingnan in the Tang Dynasty. When Han Yu, a famous writer in Tang Dynasty, was demoted to Chaozhou, he tried to warn crocodiles and throw pigs and sheep into evil streams.(now Hanjiang, Guangdong)Tell the crocodile to leave, otherwise it will be slaughtered, and write down the famous prose "Sacrificing Crocodiles". Since Han Yu mentioned that crocodiles "eat people, livestock, bears, roes, deer and roes to fatten their bodies", it shows that this kind of crocodile is not so docile as the Chinese alligator, but it is similar to the living habits of the Gulf Crocodile that still lives in Southeast Asia today. The latter is the largest reptile in the world, with a fierce temperament. It not only eats animals in the water, but also often hurts people ashore, posing a great threat to the production and life of the ancients. According to the latest research results, this crocodile, which was "infested everywhere" in the Tang Dynasty, is an extinct branch of the alligator, known as the Chinese Hanyu crocodile.(Hanyusuchus sinensis). Perhaps it was out of awe of this fierce crocodile that the ancients mixed with the concept of snakes and mythologized it as a "dragon".
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Tiger dumpling. Guo Pu commented that "a dumpling is like a snake, but its four feet are small, its head is thin, its neck is covered with scabies, and the big one is more than ten, and its eggs are like a stone urn, which can swallow people". These characteristics are easily reminiscent of crocodiles in reptiles.

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Bronze dragon, Han, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, USA. Similar to Jiao, Jilong is also a hornless dragon. Shuowen said that it is "yellow if it is a dragon" or "it is said that it has no horns".

Similar to Jiao, Jilong is also a hornless dragon. Shuowen says that it is "yellow if it is a dragon" and "stinging if it has no horns". There is a story in Huainanzi that a dragon is better than a snake eel: one day, a red dragon is killed.(without horns)And a blue dragon.(angular)Roaming together, came to Jizhou ground. At this time, the weather is refreshing and the earth is stable. When a dragon and a dragon find delicious food, they eat it with relish. Because the range of activities is within 100 acres, it is despised and laughed at by a snake and an eel. They shouted, "Hey, dragon, dragon, dare you go to the river and sea with us?" A dragon and a dragon accepted the challenge, so "the wind and the freezing rain rocked up" and "moved the world and vibrated the sea", which scared the snakes and eels into the deep mud and dared not come out.

On the other hand, although dragons are miraculous, there is still a striking situation in ancient myths, that is, dragons are often used as the object of command by people with noble status. In this regard, "Shan Hai Jing" records that "Ju Mang in the East, birds and faces, take two dragons"; "Western Ru Shou, with a snake in its left ear, rides two dragons"; "Northern Yujiang, black hands and feet, riding two dragons"; "Zhu Rong in the south, a beast with a face, rides two dragons". Thus, the dragon is the mount of the four gods. Gao You also said in his note "Huai Nan Zi Tian Xun", "Ride by car every day, drive with six dragons, and xi he will conquer it."

In The Classic of Mountains and Seas, The Wild West Sutra, the ancient emperors were even seated on the dragon:

"Outside the southwest sea, south of Chishui and west of quicksand, there are two green snakes and two dragons, named Xia Hou Kai. If you go to heaven for three times, you will get the following nine arguments and nine songs. This field of great mu is 2,000 meters high, and it won the opening song "Nine strokes". "

Kai is the son of Yu and the first "hereditary" monarch in China’s ancient historical records. It goes without saying that in ancient mythology, this element of revealing identity through "Lapras", "Imperial Dragon" or "Driving Dragon" has also become a common means of deifying monarchical power in later generations.

References:

Pang Jin’s Exploration of loong Culture in 8,000 Years

The Origin and Evolution of Chinese Dragon Culture by Wang Liquan

A Study of the Word "Dragon" in Shan Hai Jing by Mei Shanying
The Dragon and Its Cultural Connotation in Shan Hai Jing by Gao Wang Fei.