标签归档 西安桑拿会所

China CDC Weekly recently released a survey on hand-foot-mouth disease virus, and Coxsackie virus A6 has become the main pathogen leading to severe cases of hand-foot-mouth disease in China. At present, Coxsackie virus A6 associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease is evolving, and there is a risk of outbreak.

According to the research team, hand, foot and mouth disease is an infectious disease mainly caused by a variety of enteroviruses, which mainly affects infants and children. The symptoms are usually fever, oral ulcers and rashes, and the symptoms are generally mild and relieved within 7 to 10 days. However, some severe cases may have life-threatening neurological, respiratory or circulatory complications. Previously, enterovirus A71 was the main pathogen causing severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease.

In 2016, inactivated enterovirus A71 vaccine was widely used, which significantly reduced the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by the virus. However, due to the lack of cross-protection between different enterovirus serotypes, the diversity of pathogens of severe hand, foot and mouth disease has changed.

According to the national laboratory monitoring network of hand, foot and mouth disease pathogens, the research team investigated the severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in China from 2012 to 2023, and obtained 74 strains of coxsackie virus A6 for analysis, and concluded that coxsackie virus A6 has become the main pathogen leading to severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in China. In addition, the virus related to severe hand, foot and mouth disease is evolving and there is a risk of outbreak. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of severe hand, foot and mouth disease.

Among 74 severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease related to coxsackie virus A6, 48 cases were male and 26 cases were female. The average age is about 2 years old, including 25 children under 1 year old, 26 children between 1 and 5 years old and 3 children over 5 years old. The research team said that the immune system of severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease under 5 years old is immature, and if it cannot be diagnosed and treated in time, it may increase susceptibility and lead to serious complications and potentially fatal consequences. Therefore, the development of coxsackie virus A6 vaccine is very important to prevent severe hand, foot and mouth disease in susceptible children.

A little more news.

How is hand, foot and mouth disease spread?

Patients and recessive infected people are the sources of infection of hand, foot and mouth disease, and the proportion of recessive infection is large. Patients are contagious before onset, usually within 1 week after onset.

The route of transmission is diverse and easy to realize. The main mode of transmission is close contact, and infection is caused by direct contact with patients’ feces, herpes fluid, nasopharyngeal secretions and saliva, and contact with contaminated hands, towels, handkerchiefs, toothcups, toys, tableware, bottles, bedding and other items or environment. It can also spread through respiratory droplets, such as coughing and sneezing; Drinking or eating water and food contaminated by virus can also be infected.

How to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease?

(1) Avoid contact with children. Try not to hug, share toys, share tableware, toiletries, etc. with children to prevent cross infection.

(2) Maintain hand hygiene. Good hand hygiene is an effective measure to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease. Children should clean their hands after touching public goods, after going out to play, before eating, after going to the toilet, and after parents and caregivers go home, before processing food, after changing diapers or handling items contaminated by feces. Usually, you can wash your hands with soapy water or hand sanitizer. After contacting patients and pollutants, you should choose a chlorine-containing disinfectant with appropriate concentration to wash your hands.

(3) reduce aggregation. Crowd gathering and frequent contact are easy to spread hand, foot and mouth disease. It is suggested that children should not be taken to public places with crowded people and poor air circulation during the epidemic period of hand, foot and mouth disease.

(4) The environment is ventilated. Closed public places and rooms should be ventilated frequently to maintain air circulation.

(5) Cleaning and disinfection. Regular cleaning and disinfection of frequent contact parts, daily necessities and children’s toys; Milk utensils, tableware, etc. should be boiled and disinfected; Clothes and bedding are often dried in the sun or disinfected by ultraviolet light.

(6) vaccination. Although EV-A71 vaccine can not prevent other enterovirus infections, it can effectively prevent hand, foot and mouth disease and other related diseases caused by EV-A71 infection, and reduce the occurrence of severe hand, foot and mouth disease and death. In order to play a protective role as early as possible, children are encouraged to complete the whole vaccination before the age of 12 months. Vaccination is not recommended for children over 5 years old.

Editor | Gu Ying

Comprehensive | Beijing Daily Tianjin CDC China CDC

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Original title: "Vigilance | Early warning of disease control: there is an outbreak risk of this virus! 》

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　　BEIJING, Beijing, May 7 (Lv Chunrong) The countdown to the college entrance examination is 100 days, 80 days and 60 days … … Now, there is only one month left before the 2016 college entrance examination, and the topic of the college entrance examination is getting hotter. In addition to candidates who have received much attention from public opinion, some new changes in the college entrance examination policy this year have also attracted considerable attention. In this regard, the reporter of Zhongxin. com has sorted out.

　　Data Map: On the afternoon of February 29, 2016, Yiling Middle School in Yichang City, Hubei Province held a swearing-in meeting for the college entrance examination. Nearly 1,000 teachers and students of the third year of the school issued a "declaration of battle" at the meeting to work hard for the last 100 days of the college entrance examination. Photo by Li Feng

　　Proposition — —

　　The number of provinces with unified proposition for college entrance examination this year, such as Anhui and Hubei, increased to 26.

　　Every college entrance examination, all kinds of topics are frequent, and "whether the college entrance examination can be a national volume" is one of them.

　　The "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System" promulgated in September 2014 pointed out that the provinces that use the national unified proposition papers will increase from 2015.

　　The reporter of Zhongxin. com noted that in 2014, 16 provinces implemented provincial propositions, and 15 unified propositions; In 2015, Jiangxi, Liaoning and Shandong provinces were added to implement the unified proposition of the college entrance examination, and the number of provinces using the national unified proposition paper increased to 18.

　　In this year’s college entrance examination, except Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, 26 other provinces in China chose to unify the proposition. Among them, eight provinces including Anhui, Hubei and Sichuan began to implement it this year.

　　It is worth noting that this year’s college entrance examination, not all subjects in Sichuan use the national unified proposition paper. Among them, the subjects that use the national volume are Chinese, liberal arts and foreign languages, while the Sichuan volume is used in mathematics, science and English. However, starting from 2017, all subjects in the general college entrance examination in Sichuan Province will use the national volume.

　　According to media reports, relevant information shows that before 2000, China’s national college entrance examination had been implemented in one volume. From 2000 to 2004, the whole country began to implement the organization mode of "unified college entrance examination and provincial proposition", and more and more provinces joined the ranks of independent propositions.

　　Nowadays, the restoration of "a national volume" has become a general trend of reform, so can it be fully restored in the future? During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress this year, Yuan Guiren, Minister of Education, once said that it was still too early to use an examination paper and to provide the answer by practice.

　　Invigilation — —

　　Anti-cheating measures are upgraded again, which means vein verification and anti-substitution test.

　　This year’s college entrance examination anti-cheating measures have been upgraded. The reporter noted that the Notice of the Ministry of Education on Doing a Good Job in Enrollment of Colleges and Universities in 2016 issued in March this year clearly stated that all localities should comprehensively manage the examination environment, and continue to carry out special actions such as purifying the network environment involved in the examination, cracking down on the sale of cheating equipment, purifying the surrounding environment of the test center, and cracking down on cheating for the test.

　　The "Notice" also makes it clear that measures such as on-site registration and confirmation of the second-generation ID card, on-site collection of photos and biometric features such as fingerprints or finger veins, and timely information comparison should be taken to prevent taking the test.

　　Among them, the related expression of "collecting photos and fingerprints or finger veins on the spot" has aroused public concern.

　　It is understood that finger vein verification is a new biometric identification technology, which uses the vein distribution image in the finger for identity identification. It is almost the same as fingerprint identification in procedure, but fingerprints are easy to be copied by people, which means that the possibility of finger veins being copied by people is basically zero at present.

　　Nowadays, anti-cheating in college entrance examinations has been "armed to the teeth". In addition to vein verification technology, including metal detectors, 360-degree video surveillance, radio monitoring vehicles, and information shielding in the whole examination room, many high-tech anti-cheating technologies have appeared.

　　Taking Guangdong as an example, in order to prevent cheating in the college entrance examination, Guangdong will launch the identification system and the radio cheating prevention and control system for the first time this year, and combine the metal detector and the electronic monitoring system of the examination room to realize the modernization of examination management.

　　Admission — —

　　Hebei and other provinces merged admission batches.

　　It is a trend to merge the college entrance examination batches. The above-mentioned "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System" proposes to create conditions to gradually cancel the college enrollment batches. Since 2015, pilot reform of admission batches has been carried out in qualified provinces.

　　In 2015, Sichuan merged the second batch and the third batch of undergraduate courses; Hunan merged the third batch of A and B into one batch.

　　This year, many provinces, including Hebei, Jiangxi and Liaoning, have made it clear that the second batch of undergraduate courses and the third batch of undergraduate courses will be merged into the second batch of undergraduate courses for enrollment. Shanghai will merge the first and second undergraduate enrollment batches.

　　It is worth noting that more provinces will merge the college entrance examination admission batches next year, among which Beijing will merge the second and third batches of undergraduate courses, and Hainan will merge the first and second enrollment batches of undergraduate courses.

　　In response to the reform of the college entrance examination recruitment batch, which is concerned by public opinion, some experts said that in general, in the future, not only the second and third batches of undergraduate courses should be merged, but also the first, second and third batches should be merged. (End)

　　Other new policies

　　— — Cheating in college entrance examination is included in criminal law for the first time.

　　The Criminal Law Amendment (IX), which was formally implemented on November 1, 2015, clarifies that those who organize cheating in national examinations prescribed by law, such as the general college entrance examination and the national postgraduate examination, will be convicted and sentenced to a maximum of seven years in prison. This also means that cheating in the college entrance examination will be included in the criminal law for the first time this year.

　　— — Students who have been admitted to colleges and universities and retain their admission qualifications are not allowed to apply for the exam.

　　In 2015, the Ministry of Education stipulated that the first item among those who are not allowed to register for the college entrance examination is "students in universities with higher academic qualifications". In 2016, on this basis, the regulations supplemented "or students who have been admitted to institutions of higher learning and retain their admission qualifications". This further plugs the possible loopholes. Prevent some students who have been admitted to colleges and universities in the last year, but have not enrolled for various reasons but retain their admission qualifications.

　　— — Migrant children are not allowed to take the college entrance examination at the same time in both "inflow" and "outflow"

　　In view of the fact that some candidates were qualified for the college entrance examination in two provinces or regions at the same time in both "inflow" and "outflow", or they were not qualified for the college entrance examination at the same time, the "Regulations on Enrollment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2016" issued by the Ministry of Education in March this year made it clear that migrant children of migrant workers and other non-registered employees will take the college entrance examination in the local area after receiving compulsory education, and it will be implemented according to the methods announced by the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). It is not allowed to register for the college entrance examination at the same time in both "inflow" and "outflow". Candidates who do not meet the requirements of both the inflow place and the outflow place will be solved by the inflow place coordinating with the outflow place, and in principle, they will return to the outflow place to apply for the exam.

　　— — There are clear management regulations for disabled people to participate in the college entrance examination.

　　In the 2015 college entrance examination, the Ministry of Education made it clear that examination institutions at all levels should provide convenience for people with disabilities to register for the examination on an equal footing. This year, the Ministry of Education further clarified that examination institutions at all levels should provide reasonable convenience for disabled people to register for the examination on an equal footing in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Administration of the National Unified Examination for the Admission of Disabled People to Colleges and Universities (Provisional). This also means that there are clear management regulations for disabled people to participate in the college entrance examination.

　　— — The end time of college entrance examination is postponed.

　　In view of the 2015 college entrance examination, the Ministry of Education has made it clear that the admission of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) should begin in early July, and the first batch of undergraduate admissions should begin between July 10 and 15 and be completed before the 20th. All (batches) of admissions should be completed before August 20th.

　　This year, the end of the college entrance examination was postponed. This year, the Ministry of Education made it clear that all (batches) of admission should be completed before the end of August.

　　— — Before the end of volunteering, the recruitment office shall not provide candidates’ scores to colleges and universities.

　　This year, the Ministry of Education also made it clear that all levels of recruitment offices should not provide candidates’ college entrance examination results to institutions of higher learning before the candidates complete their volunteering. According to the analysis, this has a certain inhibitory effect on preventing colleges and universities from rushing for students.

　　New local changes

　　— — Guangdong has fully liberalized the off-site college entrance examination this year.

　　Guangdong began to explore the college entrance examination in different places in 2013; Starting this year, the college entrance examination in different places will be fully liberalized.

　　According to media reports, in the first year of full liberalization, the number of applicants was lower than expected. In 2016, there were 12,958 children with household registration in other provinces who were studying in the third year of senior high school in Guangdong province, among whom 9,985 people applied for taking the college entrance examination locally in the college entrance examination registration. After submitting certification materials, reviewing and verifying, 9,570 people were finally allowed to take the college entrance examination in Guangdong, accounting for 95.8% of the applicants.

　　— — Henan: foreign language listening scores become reference scores.

　　Henan has made a series of adjustments to the 2016 college entrance examination policy: foreign language listening scores will be listed separately, and will replace the total foreign language scores as reference scores for colleges and universities.

　　In this regard, the relevant person in charge of the Admissions Office of Henan Province introduced that this year’s college entrance examination in this province will pay more attention to foreign language listening performance, which will be provided to colleges and universities as a single-column result when filing. In parallel volunteer, when the candidates’ total scores are the same, colleges and universities will sort the files according to the candidates’ Chinese, mathematics and foreign language listening scores.

　　In addition, parallel volunteer will be implemented in the third batch of Henan undergraduate courses and higher vocational colleges, and the re-registration of specialist batches will be cancelled.

　　— — Hubei: Some colleges and universities recruit students with disabilities separately.

　　Starting this year, Xiangyang Vocational and Technical College will conduct separate entrance examinations for hearing and physical disabled candidates in ordinary high schools and secondary vocational schools.

　　According to reports, this is a selective examination for hearing-impaired and physically disabled young people who have registered for the college entrance examination and have the same high school education, have disability certificates, can take care of themselves and meet the physical examination standards of ordinary colleges and universities nationwide.